white lotus rebellion

Retrieved February 22, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/reference/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/white-lotus-rebellion. They are not like some external tribe . "Issues and Trends in China's Demographic History." Sikh uprisings against the Mughal Empire in India, Pugachev's Revolt in the Russian Empire, and the White Lotus Rebellion in China mirrored the rebellions in the Atlantic world. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). But as oue leader fell or was captured, another replaced him, and as the rebellion was extinguished in one place, it blazed out in another. In 1805, the imperial authorities suppressed the White Lotus Rebellion by instituting a combination of military and social policies. . In response, the Qing Empress Dowager Cixi clamped down hard on reformers. Approximately 7,000 Banner troops were sent in from Manchuria in combination with Green Standard Army soldiers from Guizhou and Yunnan as well as tens of thousands of local mercenaries. [9] The Qianlong emperor ordered that the Eight Banner armies, whether they had Manchu or Han banners, were not to be used to suppress internal uprisings, so the Qing mainly relied on the Han Chinese Green Standard Army and Han militias in order to suppress rebellions such as the White Lotus. "Civilians Go into Battle: Hired Militias in the White Lotus War, 1796-1805. It apparently began as a tax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society that forecast the advent of the Buddha, advocated restoration of the native Chinese Ming dynasty, and promised personal salvation to its followers. In 1794, a similar movement arose in the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces in central China, initially as a tax protest. Nothing is known of his end. Due to their brutality, the Qing troops were soon nicknamed the "Red Lotus" Society. In 1805, the imperial authorities suppressed the White Lotus Rebellion by instituting a combination of military and social policies. What should be done with these revolutionary cultists? The White Lotus Rebellion was a rebellion initiated by followers of the White Lotus movement during the Qing dynasty of China. Corrections? The rebellion was started by some elements of the millenarian Tianli Sect () or Heavenly Principle Sect, which was a branch of the White Lotus Sect. Rather, it consisted of uncoordinated roving bands using hit-and-run guerrilla tactics. Issues and Trends in China's Demographic History. By 1387, after more than thirty years of war, their leader, Zhu Yuanzhang had liberated all of China. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. This rebellion was less successful than that of the Red Turbans, and the Qing government succeeded in crushing this uprising. Strong rebel leaders began to have major impacts on the ability of the Qing to rule. [citation needed]. that can be demarcated by a territorial boundary and identified by its distinctive clothing and language. Althongh there were several risings against the Manchu dynasty during the first four reigns, the White Lotus Society kept quiet until about 1761, when the Emperor Kien-lung issued an edict against it and the Ming Tsuen or Illustrious Worthies and the Pah Yun or White Cloud sects. Rather than following the path of Japan's Meiji Restoration and modernizing the country, Cixi purged her court of modernizers. Though he passed through an area inhabited by almost a million peasants, his army never measured more than four thousand soldiers, many of whom had been forced into service. What anecdote, or short personal story, does Didion tell at the beginning of the essay "Georgia O'Keeffe"? [6] The term was only used by the millenarian rebels under intense pressure during government interrogations. These militia groups were later instrumental in defeating the Taiping rebellion. The Red Turban Rebellion which took place in 1352, was led by the White Lotus group. The White Lotus Rebellion was initiated as an antitax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society. The feared Manchu banners, since their conquests of the early 1700s, showed they were no longer a military force of much value, and the emperor had to recruit a new army made up of Chinese militia. Beginning as tax protests, the eventual rebellion gained growing support and sympathy from many ordinary people. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/fall-of-the-qing-dynasty-195608. Without a clear enemy to fight against, brutality against civilians became more common. This book has since become an invaluable source in understanding the beliefs of these groups. This is a list of major rebellions that have occurred in China from 209 BCE to present times. Talking about Yuan's decline and fall, you should learn something about White Lotus Society. "The Fall of China's Qing Dynasty in 19111912." Find your perfect car with Edmunds expert reviews, car comparisons, and pricing tools. Tibet has been an independent country throughout the historical period and since time immemorial according to Tibetans' own myth-based sense of, Xinjiang (shnjyng) or Sinkiang (shnjyng, snkyng) [Chinese,=new frontier], officially Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (Mandarin Xinjiang U, For more information on Chinese history and culture, seeVol. A pattern emerged of growing rice in the valley bottoms, corn on the lower mountain slopes, and Irish potatoes on the higher land. Eventually, the rebellion was crushed by the Qing elites; but the White Lotus organization remained secret and intact, and advocated for the overthrow of the Qing dynasty. The government had to depend on more Han Chinese recruits (Green Standard) since there were not enough Manchu. Cookies collect information about your preferences and your devices and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests. Szczepanski, Kallie. [9], A systematic program of pacification followed: the populace was resettled in hundreds of stockaded villages and organized into militias. The White Lotus Society is traditionally considered to have first appeared during the Jin dynasty founded by Huiyuan in Mountain Lu, Jiujiang. - systematic program of pacification followed, Causes and effects of internal challenges; Wh, taiping (Taip'ing) rebellion: reasons for the, taping rebellionconsequences for Chinese soc, tongzhi restoration and self-strengthening mo, collectivisation (maintenance of power, stali, John Lund, Paul S. Vickery, P. Scott Corbett, Todd Pfannestiel, Volker Janssen, Eric Hinderaker, James A. Henretta, Rebecca Edwards, Robert O. Self. Consequently, a person's actual participation in sectarian activities had no impact on his or her arrest; what really mattered was whether monetary demands were met or not. [12] The experience of suppressing the rebellion led to improvement in the organization and training of the militia, as many of their leaders wrote extensively on mobilization, enlistment and local defense methods. A similar movement arose in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces in central China as tax protests. The crippled Qing dynasty clung to power for another decade, behind the walls of the Forbidden City, but the Wuchang Uprising of 1911 put the final nail in the coffin when 18 provinces voted to secede from the Qing dynasty. (2020, August 27). Other White Lotus spinoffs include the Eight Trigrams, the Tiger Whips, and the Yihequan (Boxers). Dr. Kallie Szczepanski is a history teacher specializing in Asian history and culture. [1] As White Lotus sects developed, they appealed to many Han Chinese who found solace in the worship of Wusheng Laomu . Instead, Britain began a lucrative, illicit trade in opium, traded from British imperial India into Canton, far from Beijing. As a result of such technological improvements, the Chinese population exploded, increasing from just shy of 178 million in 1749 to almost 359 million in 1811; and by 1851, the population in Qing dynasty China was close to 432 million people. At first, farmers in regions adjacent to Mongolia worked for the Mongols, but eventually, the people in the overcrowded Hubei and Hunan provinces flowed out and into the region. The British under Queen Victoria were a huge market for Chinese teas, but the Qing refused to engage in trade negotiations, rather demanding that Britain pay for the tea in gold and silver. The White Lotus peasant rebellion broke out in 1795 (White Lotus was the name of a secret society that had first fought against the Mongols). In its last stage, the Qing suppression policy combined the pursuit and extermination of rebel guerrilla bands with a program of amnesty for deserters. He declared that to prevent the capture of the young prince when a child, he had fled with him and concealed him beyond the borders of China. Another major contributing factor to the downfall of the Qing dynasty was European imperialism and China's gross miscalculation of the power and ruthlessness of the British crown. 22 Feb. 2023 . https://www.thoughtco.com/fall-of-the-qing-dynasty-195608 (accessed March 4, 2023). Some of these militia groups were further trained as attack armies to seek out the rebels, whose forces were thinned by offers of amnesty to the rank and file and of rewards for the capture of the leaders. [4] The term was only used by the millenarian rebels under intense pressure during government interrogations. Many partisans joined and the society grew rapidly until 1794, when it broke out into the rebellion that subsequently spread over Hupeh and Western China under Liu Cbi-hieh and cast a gloom over the close of the long and brilliant reign of Kien-lung. Local disaffection broke out in the so-called White Lotus Rebellion of 1796-1804, which was centerd in the Szechwan- Shensi- Hupeh- Honan border regions. Only after 1800 did the Qing government adopt new tactics that established local militias (tuan) to help surround and destroy the White Lotus. It apparently began as a tax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society that forecast the advent . from Hubei and Shaanxi provs. Approximately 7,000 Banner troops were sent in from Manchuria in combination with Green Standard Army soldiers from Guizhou and Yunnan as well as tens of thousands of local mercenaries.[9]. At first the Ch'ing administration, under the control of Ho-shen, sent inadequate and inefficient imperial forces to suppress the ill-organized rebels. "Rebellion and Religious Identity: The Case of the White Lotus Uprising (17961804)", This page was last edited on 14 February 2023, at 03:10. One such official was Huang Yupian (), who refuted the ideas which were found in the scriptures which expressed orthodox Confucian and Buddhist views in A Detailed Refutation of Heresy ( Pxi Xingbin), which was written in 1838. "White Lotus Rebellion Sun Yat-Sen was elected the first president of China, and the Republican era of China had begun. Though many movements and rebellions were considered by imperial bureaucrats to have been led by White Lotus Society leaders, there is reason to doubt that the White Lotus Society had any organizational unity. id The grew in number and power and eventually, into a serious concern for the government. The White Lotus Rebellion White Lotus (Pai-lien chiao) sectarianism appealed to Chinese, most notably to women and to the poor, who found solace in worship of the Eternal Mother who was to gather all her children at the millennium into one family. When they congregate and oppose the government, they are rebels; when they disperse and depart, they are civilians once more. Eventually, the rebellion was crushed by the Qing elites; but the White Lotus organization remained secret and intact, and advocated for the overthrow of the Qing dynasty. Write in the blank the verb and tense indicated in parentheses. [6] The group forecast the advent of Maitreya, advocated restoration of the native Chinese Ming Dynasty, and promised personal salvation to its followers while promising the return of the Buddha.[7]. The ethnic Manchu rulers of China's Qing dynasty reigned over the Middle Kingdom beginning in 1644 CE, when they defeated the last of the Ming, up until 1912. Refer to each styles convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates. In the period after about 1680 the introduction of corn (maize) and sweet potatoes, followed in the 18th century by the introduction of the Irish potato, made upland farming possible. Although the Manchu finally crushed (1804) the rebellion, the myth of the military invincibility of the Manchu was shattered, perhaps contributing to the greater frequency of rebellions in the 19th cent. The White Lotus led impoverished settlers into rebellion, promising personal salvation in return for their loyalty. Qing control weakened and prosperity diminished by the 19th century. Kublai Khan Although the rebellion was finally crushed by the Qing government after eight years of fighting, it marked a sharp decline in the strength and prosperity of the Qing dynasty. She has taught at the high school and university levels in the U.S. and South Korea. Actual participation in sect activities had no impact on an arrest; whether or not monetary demands were met, however, did. The White Lotus continued to be active, and it might have influenced the next major domestic rebellion, the Eight Trigrams Uprising of 1813. The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. . On assuming effective power in 1799, however, Emperor Chia Ch'ing (reigned 17961820) overthrew the Ho-shen clique and gave support to the efforts of the more vigorous Manchu commanders as a way of restoring discipline and morale. With its weaknesses exposed, China began to lose power over its peripheral regions. Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. [6], A systematic program of pacification followed in which the populace was resettled in hundreds of stockaded villages and organized into militia. Qing rule gradually collapsed during the second half of the 19th century and the early years of the 20th, due to a complicated interplay between internal and external factors. Only after 1800 did Beijing adopt new tactics that established local militias (tuan) to help surround and destroy the White Lotus. Update now. Unable to build up a support base, he was forced to quickly flee all three cities that he attacked in order to evade government troops. The White Lotus society (Bailianjiao) was a religious cult already in existence in the Nan (Southern) Song dynasty (1127-1279). Asia for Educators, Columbia University, 2009. Barend Joannes Ter Haar has argued that the term "White Lotus" was used primarily by Ming and Qing imperial bureaucrats to disparagingly explain a wide range of unconnected millenarian traditions, rebel movements, and popular religious practices. The White Lotus led impoverished slaves to freedom, promising personal salvation in return for their loyalty. [3] According to Ter Haar, it is clear that the "White Lotus" rebels of the uprisings that occurred between 1796 and 1804 did not voluntarily use the term "White Lotus" to refer to themselves or their movement. Ch'ien-lung (1711-1799) was the fourth emperor of the Ch'ing, or Manchu, dynasty in China. Other White Lotus spinoffs include the Eight Trigrams, the Tiger Whips, and the Yihequan (Boxers). The rebellion was ended by the deaths of some 100,000 rebels. Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. The leader, herbalist and martial artist Wang Lun, led an uprising that captured three small cities and laid siege to the larger city of Linqing, a strategic location on the north-south Grand Canal transportation route.

Does A Commercial Dishwasher Need A Grease Trap, Articles W