/S /Transparency Positive impressions are typically formed in the absence of any(negative) information, more easily changed in light of subsequent negative info, Negative impressions are formed when there is any sign ofnegative information, difficult to change in light of subsequent positive information, we are biased towards negativity WHY? /S /Transparency -Enhance performance and minimize loafing by recording who is doing what [22], Samuel Popkin argues that voters make rational choices by using information shortcuts that they receive during campaigns, usually using something akin to a drunkard'ssearch. [38] In Fiske's subsequent research, the omission of the role of intent in the metaphor of cognitive miser is recognized. [39] Kruglanski proposed that people are combination of nave scientists and cognitive misers: people are flexible social thinkers who choose between multiple cognitive strategies (i.e., speed/ease vs. accuracy/logic) based on their current goals, motives, and needs. Although Lippmann did not directly define the term cognitive miser, stereotypes have important functions in simplifying people's thinking process. 19 0 obj 20 0 obj -Diffusion of responsibility: reduction in feelings of personal responsibility in the presence of others. Activated actor c. Cognitive miser d. Motivated tactician 11. According to this theory, people employ either shortcuts or thoughtful analysis based upon the context and salience of a particular issue. The wave of research on attributional biases done by Kahneman, Tversky and others effectively ended the dominance of Heider's nave scientist within social psychology. continued demands and government responses are therefore unfair, racism is wrong, my beliefs are not racist they are based on facts /BaseFont /Times#20New#20Roman It is, in many ways, a unifying theory which suggests that humans engage in economically prudent thought processes, instead of acting like scientists who rationally weigh costs and benefits, test hypothesis, and update expectations based upon the results of the experiments that are our everyday actions. What kinds of errors occur when we don't process all relevant information? Olivier . What topics are of interest to Social Psychologists? /ExtGState << /Creator (alibabadownload.com) You have created 2 folders. >> << >> Everything you always wanted to know. What is the probability that he will be a good president?" >> 15 0 obj /Type /Group /S /Transparency >> /StructParents 5 /GS8 28 0 R 500 0 0 389 278] [9][pageneeded], In order to meet these needs, nave scientists make attributions. How can group work be designed to enhance performance and minimize social loafing? Gordon Pennycook . Instead, Fiske, Taylor, and Arie W. Kruglanski and other social psychologists offer an alternative explanation of social cognition: the motivated tactician. How does a "flawed scientist" reason? /Tabs /S Please sign in to share these flashcards. What assumptions underlie the research done by Social Psychologists. >> \end{array} The dual processing system can produce cognitive illusions. Daniel Kahneman described these as intuitive (System 1) and reasoning (System 2) respectively.[35]. What percentage showed complete compliance? 5 0 obj /Subtype /Type0 /Contents 42 0 R /CS /DeviceRGB ETSU Online Programs - http://www.etsu.edu/onlineModule 4 - Social Psychology: Cognitive Misers, Schemas, & Social CognitionMOD 04 EP 15 [15] Fiske and Taylor, building upon the prevalence of heuristics in human cognition, offered their theory of the cognitive miser. In psychology, the human mind is considered to be a cognitive miser due to the tendency of people to think and solve problems in simpler and less effortful ways rather than in more sophisticated and more effortful ways, regardless of intelligence. /BaseFont /Times-Bold /Parent 2 0 R [1] Just as a miser seeks to avoid spending money, the human mind often seeks to avoid spending cognitive effort. /Resources << miser 2) cognitive load = heuristics don't require much thought, can be made on 'availability' eg. 22 0 obj meaning, it reduces uncertainty and helps us to predict social behaviours -When alone, when a situation is physically dangerous for the victim. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] 48 . The nave scientist and attribution theory; Heuristics; The cognitive miser theory; Implications; Updates and later research; References; The term /StructParents 7 -Cognitive dissonance: an unpleasant state of tension between two or more conflicting thoughts, -Self perception theory: theory that we acquire our attitudes by observing our behaviors 214 0 R 215 0 R 216 0 R 217 0 R] The metaphor of cognitive misers could assist people in drawing lessons from risks, which is the possibility that an undesirable state of reality may occur. HWKoFW. /Type /Font Why has research focused on European-American prejudice against minority groups? /CS /DeviceRGB /Type /Page Further, people spend less cognitive effort in buying toothpaste than they do when picking a new car, and that difference in information-seeking is largely a function of the costs.[30]. /GS7 27 0 R In other words, this theory suggests that humans are, in fact, both naive scientists and cognitive misers. /ExtGState << Describe his findings. Pennycook . 70413 lego - Der TOP-Favorit unserer Produkttester. /Contents 39 0 R /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] >> In democracies, where no vote is weighted more or less because of the expertise behind its casting, low-information voters, acting as cognitive misers, can have broad and potentially deleterious choices for a society. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 /Group << [9], In order to meet these needs, nave scientists make attributions. Three lines of research within the Cognitive Miser. We'll bring you back here when you are done. /Font << /Type /Page -Self-justification: justifying destructive behaviors Lippmann therefore suggested that the public "cannot be wise", since they can be easily misled by overly simplified reality which is consistent with their pre-existing pictures in mind, and any disturbance of the existing stereotypes will seem like "an attack upon the foundation of the universe". ]}|Mb7*_JH G]$@6=/}Cuqpm ~^n#KJGX+]'4T5.$-g-'A/u3= kq^L%D-fU_gH,P(VZZi(c5T/W i4SUk^] H/r*5F[r &w0+p\G&:'5%DQm 8uhR6. Introducing Cram Folders! Consistency seeker: motivated by perceived discrepancies among their cognitions. /LastChar 116 /F4 24 0 R /Header /Sect [23], Cognitive misers could also be one of the contributors to the prisoner's dilemma in gaming theory. [21] Unless the cognitive environment meets certain requirements, we will try to avoid thinking as much as possible. /Font << 1 [73 0 R 74 0 R 75 0 R 76 0 R 77 0 R 78 0 R 79 0 R 80 0 R 81 0 R 82 0 R /GS7 27 0 R /Keywords (Social Cognition From Brains to Culture;Fiske;2nd Edition;Test Bank) [11] Through the study of causal attributions, led by HaroldKelley and BernardWeiner amongst others, social psychologists began to observe that subjects regularly demonstrate several attributional biases including but not limited to the fundamentalattributionerror. 149 0 R 150 0 R 151 0 R 152 0 R 153 0 R 154 0 R 155 0 R 156 0 R 157 0 R 158 0 R Stolz . >> >> What is the power of single vivid instances? /Tabs /S /GS7 27 0 R /Contents 43 0 R 2011 . /Group << 10.1016/j.chb.2015.02.029. . /Tabs /S [30] Further, people spend less cognitive effort in buying toothpaste than they do when picking a new car, and that difference in information-seeking is largely a function of the costs.[31]. -Western: independent self, self-contained and autonomous students and group work, are you assertive? -Tied to these beliefs -Ethic of social responsibility: being the target is frustrating Voters use small amounts of personal information to construct a narrative about candidates. -low education, income, and occupational status makes them to be at a greater risk for prejudice and willingness to resort to violence. /StructTreeRoot 3 0 R if we can find evidence that matches hypothesis is true What is the motivation of the flawed scientist? endobj ->Temne: food accumulating, shared resources, more confomity -Groupthink: mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives /BaseFont /Times#20New#20Roman [1] Just as a miser seeks to avoid spending money, the human mind often seeks to avoid spending cognitive effort. /Producer /Type /Group |k, y+zSe(S")0(|c^$i)}`#_~:ppq(i.kyo(|49R;e3!q|k0d8zhT6ax 29 0 obj 159 0 R 160 0 R 161 0 R 162 0 R 163 0 R 164 0 R 165 0 R] /F4 24 0 R How does the combined spending on both types of consumer goods compare to the spending on services? /Name /F1 12 0 obj endobj /StructParents 8 According to conspiracy theorists, the actress Megan Fox has died and been replaced by lookalikes - not once, but twice (Credit: Getty Images) One, somewhat humbling, explanation is that we are all. Contents. 18 . [32] Audiences' attitude change is closely connected with relabeling or re-framing the certain issue. /Type /Group Motivation does affect the activation and use of stereotypes and prejudices.[38]. "Errors and biases in our impressions of others are caused by motivations." This is true in what view of the social thinker? Built within the framework of self-categorization, researchers believe that people employ categorical thinking to make sense of the social world. -Exploit the minority to gain your own resources DanielKahneman described these as intuitive (System 1) and reasoning (System 2) respectively.[36]. 13 0 obj Built within the framework of self-categorization, researchers believe that people employ categorical thinking to make sense of the social world. -Culture: the traditions of a certain group of people Cognitive misers usually act in two ways: by ignoring part of the information to reduce their own cognitive load, or by overusing some kind of information to avoid finding more information. >> /Resources << /F4 24 0 R attribution theory participants can and do use complex systems but only under 3 [114 0 R 115 0 R 116 0 R 117 0 R 118 0 R 119 0 R 120 0 R 121 0 R 122 0 R 123 0 R /F2 22 0 R In what ways can economic and political competition affect prejudice and discrimination? The implications of this theory raise important questions about both cognition and humanbehavior. /Type /Font /FirstChar 32 /F2 22 0 R The cognitive miser theory is an umbrella theory of cognition that brings together previous research on heuristics and attributional biases to explain how and why people are cognitive misers. 5*#H-B^]gOh #xQfy%^0X(?N,S )? 2 . /Group << /Type /Group -Participants administered at least some shocks and 62% showed complete obedience, administering all the shocks, -State of mind where someone believes in absolute obedience or submission to one's own authority as well as oppressing subordinates. /Group << the degree to which something is extreme) is Therefore, we try to spend as little as possible in most caseswe are misers who try to protect our resources for important judgments. Essentially, they ask themselves this: "Based on what I know about the candidate personally, what is the probability that this presidential candidate was a good governor? > unusual & distinctive attracts our attention> signifies potential danger detection has survival value. /Resources << 238 0 R 239 0 R] It is an important concept in socialcognition theory and has been influential in other social sciences such as economics and political science. endobj << /StructParents 9 /Parent 2 0 R [24], Lack of public support towards emerging techniques are commonly attributed to lack of relevant information and the low scientific literacy among the public. /GS7 27 0 R providing prescriptive norms for understanding ourselves in relations to /Resources << What is the probability that he will be a good president?" /F2 22 0 R [33] Yet certain pitfalls may be neglected in these shortcuts. What is deindividuation? endobj But the problem remains that although these shortcuts could not compare to effortful thoughts in accuracy, people should have a certain parameter to help them adopt one of the most adequate shortcuts. /CreationDate (D:20151205122909+07'00') /ExtGState << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] Weather it is the theory of adjusting the way we act by social Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards; Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card; The cognitive processes & structures that influence, & areinfluenced by, social behaviour, COGNITIVE CONSISTENCY: people strive for consistency amongcognitions as inconsistency is unpleasant, BUT people are remarkably tolerant of cognitive inconsistency, Errors are due to limited or inaccurate information & motivational considerations (e.g. -Social facilitation: enhancement of performance brought out by the presence of others 9 [262 0 R 263 0 R 264 0 R 265 0 R 266 0 R 267 0 R 268 0 R 269 0 R 270 0 R 271 0 R /ModDate (D:20160705122909+07'00') What is the Sensation vs Perception Bias? q*15Q[7t. >> x[[Ggc%adp 3 t_hbdK _TwUt5vQ_Nw.{1_.;?nEM]0{?;a}|o/91m~?=>6Gc;xv;{x^(]G!=ig/ho#1na{quo|8Lg?b79?=|xCd]%ZtnrYHo/cauo~qeiL&'?Yv:woa =)Cnf;ZyK|HJ!C|XzfNbpyf`|*F [18] However, in relying upon heuristics instead of detailed analysis, like the information processing employed by Heider's nave scientist, biased information processing is more likely to occur. 27 0 obj /Subtype /Type1 -People are less likely to conform when at least one person states the correct answer. /StructParents 10 [clarificationneeded] Errors can be prevented only by enhanced monitoring of System 2, which costs a plethora of cognitive efforts. >> [2] [3], The term cognitive miser was first introduced by Susan Fiske and Shelley Taylor in 1984. /Chartsheet /Part [31] Audiences' attitude change is closely connected with relabeling or re-framing the certain issue. What kinds of information does a flawed scientist use when thinking about the behavior of others? What does meta-analysis discover about cultural differences in conformity and aggression. >> Cognitive miserliness was first proposed as a model for human thinking in 1984 by psychologists Susan Fiske and Shelley Taylor in their book Social Cognition. endobj Houd . << >> With efficiency as the key consideration in decision making, the cognitive miser uses mental shortcuts in appraising decision problems. As a result, one will generally believe one's impressions and act on one's desires. Define 'groupthink' and describe its symptoms and impact on decision making. >> 12 [337 0 R 338 0 R 339 0 R 340 0 R 341 0 R 342 0 R 343 0 R 344 0 R 345 0 R 346 0 R What is in-group bias? A practical example of cognitive misers' way of thinking in risk assessment of DeepwaterHorizonexplosion, is presented below. /Type /StructElem >> /CS /DeviceRGB central traits that affect interpretation of later traits? 24 0 obj /ExtGState << However, other psychologists also argue that the cognitively miserly tendency of humans is a primary reason why "humans are often less than rational". adopting a cognitive miser approach but however if the target is not a good fit -2008 first black president "[22] In democracies, where no vote is weighted more or less because of the expertise behind its casting, low-information voters, acting as cognitive misers, can have broad and potentially deleterious choices for a society. Attempting to observe things freshly and in detail is mentally exhausting, especially among busy affairs. -Americans had no problems with the original tst, easterners struggled until the second test when there was a group setting. The nave scientist Pioneering social psychologist Fritz Heider wanted to build a basic theory of the social mind, and to do that he aimed to establish the fundamental guiding principles that drive social behaviour. What is the difference between situational factors and dispositional factors? Hence, influence from external factors are unneglectable in shaping peoples stereotypes. /Group << be a cognitive miser, and second categorization clarifies and redefines our endobj 667 556 611 722 722 944 0 0 0 333 >> -Obedience: submission to authority Ex) slightly unprejudiced becomes less prejudiced and vice versa. Before this, human thinking was. /LastChar 239 /F4 24 0 R . /F5 25 0 R naive scientist vs cognitive misercan low magnesium kill you. Main Point: aside from cognition motivation also plays a large role in the social thinker. Rectilinear motion The height above ground (in feet) of a ball thrown vertically into the air is given by. That is to say, people live in a second-handed world with mediated reality, where the simplified model for thinking (i.e., stereotypes) could be created and maintained by external forces. It is, in many ways, a unifying theory which suggests that humans engage in economically prudent thought processes, instead of acting like scientists who rationally weigh costs and benefits, test hypothesis, and update expectations based upon the results of the experiments that are our everyday actions. [3] This view holds that evolution makes the brain's allocation and use of cognitive resources extremely embarrassing. 6 0 obj -Attribution: process of assigning causes to behavior. /StructParents 2 Does a flawed scientist use automatic processing (system 1/intuitive) or controlled processing (or system 2/analytical/)? What is social facilitation? /Length 2864 Five general views of the thinker emerge in social psychology: consistency seeker, nave scientist, cognitive miser, motivated tactician, and activated actor. /GS7 27 0 R [37], The dual processing system can produce cognitive illusions. In addition to streamlining cognition in complicated, analytical tasks, the cognitive miser approach is also used when dealing with unfamiliar issues and issues of great importance. Harvard cognitive scientist David Perkins coined the term "mindware" to refer to the rules, data, procedures, strategies and other cognitive tools (knowledge of probability, logic and. How did Asch study conformity? This second effect helped to lay the foundation for Fiske and Taylor's cognitive miser. Does a cognitive miser use automatic processing (system 1/intuitive) or controlled processing (or system 2/analytical/)? The "motivated tactician" model is best described by which of the following? a. Cognitive dissonance theory b. Attribution theories c. Dual-process models d. Neuropsychological models 12. /ToUnicode 367 0 R Naive scientist b. >> Cognitive misers usually act in two ways: by ignoring part of the information to reduce their own cognitive load, or by overusing some kind of information to avoid finding more information. /Type /Page Acting as a cognitive miser should lead those with expertise in an area to more efficient informationprocessing and streamlined decision making. /Parent 2 0 R << /Type /Group When processing with System 2, people allocate attention to effortful mental activities required, and can construct thoughts in an orderly series of steps. -Causes: the benefit of anonymity, -Prejudice: drawing negative conclusions about a person, group of people, or situation prior to evaluating the evidence /ExtGState << 0 444 0 722 667 667 722 611 556 722 14 0 obj The term stereotype is thus introduced: people have to reconstruct the complex situation on a simpler model before they can cope with it, and the simpler model can be regarded as stereotype. can use quick, automatic heuristics without deliberating in some contexts & controlled, effortful thinking with carefuldeliberation in others, SOCIAL NEUROSCIENCE Explores the neurologicalunderpinnings of processestraditionally examined by socialpsychology, use of fMRI to study brainphenomena, e.g. >> (a) Graph this equation with a graphing calculator and the window ttt-min =2,t=-2, t=2,t-max =10=10=10; SSS-min =20,Smax=250=-20, S-\max =250=20,Smax=250. attending a lecture, going to a restaurant, plane trips), PSYC1030: Personality Content-free schema: rules for processing information. /Type /Font /GS8 28 0 R The source code for the WIKI 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the Mozilla Foundation, Google, and Apple. /F4 24 0 R -A model that accounts for the two basic ways that attitude change occurs - with and without much thought. The instances of weeping in the book of Jeremiah are so vivid that Jeremiah is known as "the weeping prophet," but God weeps more frequently in the book. -Within group: underestimate differences within groups, view their group as heterogeneous 28 0 obj What is the Fundamental Attribution Error? endobj /F3 23 0 R social Introducing Ask an Expert DismissTry Ask an Expert Ask an Expert /Font << This switch in processing between the two can be termed, A2 Psychology Concepts and studies and advanced psychology. -Asch did the test with the lines of different sizes, used confederates which stated the wrong answer, this made the real subject more likely to say the wrong answer even when they had written down the right one 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 /F2 22 0 R /Font << -Foot in the door: have someone respond positively to a small request, then to a large one /Type /Page /Artifact /Sect "[19] In their work, Kahneman and Tversky demonstrated that people rely upon different types of heuristics or mental short cuts in order to save time and mental energy. Barr . /F1 21 0 R On what dimensions do cultures differ? /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] How does the presence of others affect a task that is difficult/not well practiced? >> 0 0 0 0 0 0 333 0 0 0 This perspective assumes that detailed, deliberate processing is costly or expensive in terms of psychological resources, and our resource capacity is limited. /Endnote /Note 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 278] Once a category is activated we tend t see members as possessing all the 4,000 & 9,000 \\ Since cooperators offer to play more often, and fellow cooperators will also more often accept their offer, the researchers arrived at the consensus that cooperators would have a higher expected payoff compared with defectors when certain boundary conditions are met. You could also do it yourself at any point in time. 473480 . Which of the following is a theoretical example of a consistency seeker model of social cognition? >> System 1 always operates automatically, with our easiest shortcut but often with error. ->Inuit: low food accumulating, took risks, less conformity /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] endobj /F4 24 0 R << 269273 . /F6 26 0 R -Conformity: submission to a social influence, alter behavior from group pressures. In 1987, a researcher named Oliver Sacks stu (Aronson, Wilson, and Akert, 2010) A schema is a category that is created about as our minds way of storing information. (John, Hampson, & Goldberg, Theories about the human personality have been brought up since the early ages of psychology. Widely shared within cultures, but differ between cultures, Can be based on personal experience Resistant to change, We typically assume that physically attractive people are good, They are interesting, warm, outgoing, socially skilled, Halo effect: our overall impression of a person colours ourperception of that persons specific traits, Allow us to quickly make sense of person, situation, event or placeon basis of limited information, Guide our thoughts, feelings, and behaviours towards things, Less time consuming & less effortful, yield quick solutions, Sometimes inaccurate, misapplied, inadequate, Instances are assigned to categories or types on basis of overallsimilarity to the category, As a result, we sometimes ignore base-rate information, Tendency to seek out & attend to information that confirms onesbeliefs & ignore information that is inconsistent with ones beliefs, Beliefs/schemas become resilient this way. -Characteristics of the messenger: attractive, credible, similar to oneself. Thus, people usually do not think rationally, but use cognitive shortcuts to make inferences and form judgments and only engage in careful, thoughtful processing when necessary. The nave scientist and attribution theory Further information: Attribution theory Before Fiske and Taylor's cognitive miser theory, the predominant model of social cognition was the nave scientist. Which is viewed as more heterogeneous? xZ[o:~|VDJ vlm\,>8kzI#Hg87\u4_|6es^,.75>.z Fgq=q?"baKFKX>aY.wrw7d/yss7u',>#=6u_@fVubl+6"(ehK}~aOS&q1~_Xr[\eQ/FTvqg4;8V=q.0bIA_:?tb.OtD*x"[ =v:Zz=7;s+w@Y{~;\11k0_~z9PwZWBf~8Me((hI'8B)|]>r KP+b:PS6zONv3oq^C%-G L~C 500 500 333 389 278 500 500 722 500 500 [2] In other words, humans are more inclined to act as cognitive misers using mental short cuts to make assessments and decisions, about issues and ideas about which they know very little as well as issues of great salience. endobj /F1 21 0 R System 1 always operates automatically, with our easiest shortcut but often with error. /GS8 28 0 R /Font << Describe his findings. What is the difference between them? -Simple tasks: surrounded by people during a simple task makes us perform better *p ~02Q*PGZxO`'HiY<6\Ud"I$;4L`cp{-Yl o >> /Widths [250 0 0 0 0 0 778 0 0 0 -Social cognition: how we interpret or reason about social information. -Behavioral tendencies: (avoidance, active discrimination), -Stereotype: a positive or negative belief about the characteristics of a group that is applied generally to most members of that group. [7], Before Fiske and Taylor's cognitive miser theory, the predominant model of social cognition was the nave scientist. [>>>] >> /Type /Page 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 /Resources << Hence, influence from external factors are unneglectable in shaping peoples stereotypes. [34], The theory that human beings are cognitive misers, also shed light on the dual process theory in psychology. affects which beliefs and rules we test [32] People apply a number of shortcuts or heuristics in making judgements about the likelihood of an event, because the rapid answers provided by heuristics are often right. They write, "cognitive heuristics are at times employed by almost all voters, and that they are particularly likely to be used when the choice situation facing voters is complex heuristic use generally increases the probability of a correct vote by political experts but decreases the probability of a correct vote by novices. %PDF-1.4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 (a) 2xdxx21\int \frac{2 x d x}{x^2\ -\ 1}x212xdx \qquad(b) 2xdx(x21)2\int \frac{2 x d x}{\left(x^2\ -\ 1\right)^2}(x21)22xdx, ( c ) 3xdxx21\int \frac{3 x d x}{\sqrt{x^2\ -\ 1}}x213xdx \qquad (d) 3xdxx21\int \frac{3 x d x}{x^2\ -\ 1}x213xdx. /Filter /FlateDecode Fiske and Taylor (1984) used the term "cognitive miser" to refer to broad tendencies to resist new ideas, to minimize effortful thought, and to avoid revising one's beliefs.